Elroy-Sparta State Trail
Trail Quick Facts
About the Elroy-Sparta State Trail
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail holds a unique place in American recreational history as the first rail-trail conversion in the United States. Opened to the public in 1967, this 32.5-mile crushed limestone trail transformed an abandoned Chicago and North Western Railway corridor into what has become one of Wisconsin’s most beloved biking and hiking destinations. The trail’s pioneering conversion sparked the rails-to-trails movement that has since created over 25,000 miles of converted rail corridors across the nation.
Stretching between the communities of Sparta and Elroy through Wisconsin’s scenic Driftless Region, the trail offers an intimate journey through unglaciated countryside featuring rolling hills, forested valleys, open meadows, wetlands, and pastoral farmland. The rugged landscape, untouched by ancient glaciers, creates a distinctive topography that sets the Driftless Area apart from the rest of Wisconsin’s glaciated terrain.
Trail History
The trail’s story begins in 1870 when the Baraboo Air Line Railroad (later consolidated with the Chicago and North Western Railway) began construction of a rail line from Madison, Wisconsin to Winona, Minnesota. The railway was aptly named for the straightness of its route, though achieving that directness through the rugged terrain between Elroy and Sparta required extraordinary effort and expense.
Between 1870 and 1873, workers using hand tools and dynamite carved three tunnels through solid rock ridges at enormous cost. The 1874 financial reports show that the three tunnels alone cost $476,743.32 to construct—an astronomical sum at the time, equivalent to approximately $65 per foot. The entire 129-mile stretch from Madison to Winona Junction cost $5,342,169.96. When the railway opened for traffic in September 1873, up to six passenger trains and 40-50 freight trains traveled daily between Elroy and Sparta.
By 1911, the Chicago and North Western Railway completed the Adams Cutoff, a new route through Wyeville that avoided the steep grades and expensive maintenance of the Elroy-Sparta section. Passenger service was discontinued in 1953, and freight service ended in 1964. The railway company was permitted to abandon the line, leaving the corridor unused.
In 1965, the Wisconsin Conservation Department (predecessor to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources) purchased the abandoned 32.5-mile corridor for just $12,000. After clearing and preparing the right-of-way, the trail opened for public use in 1967. By 1970, the trail had been surfaced with screened crushed limestone and the bridges received planking, making the trail fully accessible to bicyclists and transforming it into the recreational treasure it remains today.
Trail Surface and Condition
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail features a crushed limestone surface throughout its length, providing a relatively smooth and firm riding surface suitable for road bikes, hybrid bikes, and mountain bikes. The surface is generally well-maintained, though conditions vary by section and season. Some areas feature compacted earth, and sections may have loose stone, sand accumulation, or tractor tire ruts from maintenance vehicles. The trail width typically ranges from 6 feet to wider in most sections, though some narrower passages exist.
The unpaved surface requires more effort than paved trails and results in slightly slower speeds, but the trade-off is a more natural riding experience through scenic countryside. After heavy rains or during spring snowmelt, some sections may become soft or muddy, though the trail generally drains well. The crushed limestone provides excellent drainage compared to natural dirt surfaces.
Difficulty and Accessibility
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail is rated as easy to moderate for most users. The rail-trail design means the grade never exceeds approximately 3%, making it manageable for cyclists of varying abilities. However, the gradual climbs can be sustained for several miles, particularly in the approaches to each of the three tunnels, which may challenge novice cyclists or those unaccustomed to longer distances.
The trail is accessible for various abilities, with a generally consistent width and grade of 5% or less in most sections. Adaptive cycles and mobility devices with all-terrain capabilities can navigate much of the trail. Designated accessible parking spaces are available in Elroy, and trail towns offer accessible facilities. The crushed limestone surface is firmer than many natural trails but may require more effort than paved surfaces for wheelchair users or those with limited mobility.
Families with children can enjoy the trail, though younger riders should be prepared for the distance between rest areas and the necessity of walking bikes through the tunnels. The relatively flat grade and absence of motor vehicle traffic make it an excellent choice for family outings, though parents should plan for adequate hydration and rest stops, particularly during warm weather.
Route Guide
Trail Overview
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail runs 32.5 miles through five communities in west-central Wisconsin’s Driftless Region. The trail can be traveled in either direction, connecting Sparta in the west with Elroy in the east. Many cyclists prefer traveling from east to west (Elroy to Sparta) due to the gradual net elevation loss in that direction, though the difference is modest given the gentle grades throughout.
Western Terminus: Sparta
The trail’s western endpoint is located at 111 Milwaukee Street in Sparta, Wisconsin, at the historic Sparta Depot. Built in 1915, this restored railroad depot now houses the Sparta Chamber of Commerce and serves as the main trailhead. The depot was a stop on President Harry S. Truman’s 1948 Whistle Stop campaign tour and was renovated in 1992 to serve the trail community.
Access from I-90: Exit I-90 at State Highway 16/71 and travel west approximately 2 miles to Water Street. Turn south on Water Street for about 0.6 miles to Milwaukee Street. The depot and parking are at the intersection with the trail. A bridge over Interstate 90 about a mile east of the depot connects the Elroy-Sparta Trail to the La Crosse River State Trail.
Facilities: The Sparta area offers extensive amenities including the Sparta DNR Campground (approximately 1 mile east of the depot), parking, restrooms, water, bike rentals, shuttle services, lodging, restaurants, and shops. Trail passes can be purchased at the chamber office.
Eastern Terminus: Elroy
The trail’s eastern endpoint is located on WIS 80 just north of WIS 71 in downtown Elroy, Wisconsin, at the Elroy Commons. This replica railroad depot serves as a hub where three separate trails converge: the Elroy-Sparta State Trail, the 400 State Trail, and the Omaha Trail.
Access from I-90/94: Exit I-90/94 at State Highway 82 and travel west for approximately 12 miles to Elroy. Parking is available at the Elroy trailhead and Elroy Commons.
Facilities: Elroy offers parking, trail passes, bike rentals, camping, lodging, restaurants, restrooms (including free shower facilities with suggested donation), and access to connecting trails. The Elroy Commons operates bike rentals by the half-day or full day and provides trail information.
Trail Headquarters: Kendall
The restored railroad depot in Kendall serves as the official trail headquarters and is located along State Highway 71 between Elroy and Sparta. The depot houses a railroad history museum featuring pictures and artifacts from the railway era. Trail passes and parking are available here, and the facility is open from May 1 through October 31.
Access: Kendall is centrally located along State Highway 71, making it an excellent starting point for rides that include all three tunnels while covering less than the full trail distance.
Typical Itineraries
Connecting Trails
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail is part of a 100+ mile network of interconnected trails in west-central Wisconsin:
La Crosse River State Trail: Connects to the Elroy-Sparta Trail in Sparta via a bridge over I-90. This 21.5-mile trail extends northwest from Sparta to La Crosse, offering additional scenic riding through the Driftless Region.
400 State Trail: Connects to the Elroy-Sparta Trail at Elroy Commons. This 22-mile trail runs southeast from Elroy to Reedsburg, passing through scenic countryside and offering a longer ride option.
Omaha Trail: Also connects at Elroy Commons. This 13-mile Juneau County trail extends between Elroy and Camp Douglas near Mill Bluff State Park and features its own shorter railroad tunnel (approximately two blocks long). Parts of the Omaha Trail are paved.
The Historic Tunnels
The three railroad tunnels are undoubtedly the Elroy-Sparta State Trail’s most distinctive and celebrated features. Hand-dug through solid rock using only dynamite, pickaxes, and shovels between 1870 and 1873, these engineering marvels stand as testament to the determination and skill of 19th-century laborers. The tunnels remain structurally sound more than 150 years after their construction and continue to provide safe passage through the ridges that once posed formidable barriers to the railway.
Tunnel 1 (Kendall-Wilton)
Location: Between Kendall and Wilton, approximately 3 miles from Kendall
Length: Approximately 1,300 feet (0.25 mile)
Characteristics: Dark, cool interior with water dripping from ceiling; relatively dry compared to Tunnel 3
Tunnel 1 offers visitors their first experience of the trail’s subterranean passages. Despite being one of the shorter tunnels, it provides a dramatic introduction to the engineering achievements of the railroad era. The tunnel entrance is framed by massive wooden doors that are closed during winter months (November 1 – April 30) to protect the interior from freeze-thaw damage.
Tunnel 2 (Wilton-Norwalk)
Location: Between Wilton and Norwalk, approximately 2 miles from Wilton
Length: Approximately 1,320 feet (0.25 mile)
Characteristics: Similar to Tunnel 1 in length and conditions; dark interior with spring seepage
Tunnel 2 shares similar characteristics with Tunnel 1, offering a brief but memorable passage through solid rock. The tunnel maintains cool temperatures even on the hottest summer days, providing welcome relief during warm-weather rides. Light is visible from end to end, though the middle section remains very dark.
Tunnel 3 (Norwalk-Sparta) – The Longest
Location: Between Norwalk and Sparta, 3 miles from Norwalk and 8.9 miles from Sparta
Length: 3,810 feet (0.75 mile / longer than ten football fields)
Characteristics: Extended darkness, significant water seepage creating “rain” effect, cool interior, most impressive tunnel
Construction Cost: $247,272 in 1873 (approximately $65 per foot)
Tunnel 3 is the trail’s crown jewel and provides an unforgettable experience. At three-quarters of a mile long, the tunnel plunges users into near-complete darkness for an extended period. Exit lights are not visible from the center of the tunnel, creating a disorienting but thrilling passage. Springs above the tunnel cause water to seep through the limestone, creating a “rainfall” effect in several sections that drenches trail users. The temperature inside remains a constant 50-60°F regardless of outside conditions.
During construction, workers dug vertical shafts from the top of the ridge to accelerate progress, then sealed these shafts after completion. Just past the tunnel’s eastern exit sits the Summit Rest Area, featuring a reconstructed watchman’s shack and an 8-foot-deep stone flume that diverted water away from the rails.
Tunnel Safety and Requirements
- Walk Bikes Through All Tunnels: This is mandatory for safety. The tunnels are very dark, wet, and have uneven surfaces with deep puddles. Riding is dangerous and prohibited.
- Bring Flashlights or Headlamps: REQUIRED. The tunnels are completely dark in the middle sections. Front and rear bike lights are insufficient. Headlamps leave hands free for bike handling. Minimum 300 lumens recommended.
- Wear Water-Resistant Clothing: Especially for Tunnel 3. Rain jackets or water-resistant layers recommended as water drips heavily from the ceiling. You will get wet.
- Allow Extra Time: Walking through all three tunnels adds 20-30 minutes to your trip. Factor this into your itinerary.
- Watch for Puddles: Deep water puddles on the tunnel floors can be several inches deep. Waterproof footwear is beneficial.
- Stay Alert: Watch for other trail users in the darkness. Keep voices down to avoid startling others. Give space when passing.
Tunnel Seasonal Closures
The three tunnels are closed annually from November 1 through April 30. Large wooden doors at each entrance are closed for the winter to prevent freeze-thaw damage to the tunnel interiors and protect the hibernating bat population. Snowmobilers use marked detour routes around the closed tunnels during winter months. The doors typically open on May 1, weather permitting, and remain open through October 31.
Trail users planning visits in late April or early November should verify tunnel status before their trip, as opening and closing dates may vary slightly based on weather conditions and wildlife concerns.
Tunnel Design and Construction
The tunnels were bored straight through the ridges, with the massive 20-foot-tall double wooden doors added by the railroad for protection. Railroad watchmen historically opened and closed these doors for passing trains and monitored the tunnels for safety. Today, these impressive doors remain a distinctive feature and photo opportunity.
The tunnel walls show the rough-hewn marks of hand tools and dynamite blasting, creating an authentic historical atmosphere. Springs and groundwater seep through cracks in the limestone, and while the tunnels have stood for over 150 years, minor rock fall occasionally occurs, which is why walking rather than riding is required.
Planning Your Visit
Best Season and Weather
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail is accessible year-round, though the experience varies dramatically by season. The optimal visiting period aligns with the tunnel opening season from May through October, when all trail features are fully accessible and weather conditions are most favorable.
Spring (May-June): Tunnel opening on May 1 marks the beginning of prime trail season. Spring offers mild temperatures (55-75°F), blooming wildflowers, and fewer crowds than summer. Early May can still be cool, particularly inside the tunnels. Trail conditions are generally excellent, though occasional spring rains may create softer sections. This is an ideal time for comfortable riding before summer heat arrives.
Summer (July-August): Peak season brings warm to hot temperatures (75-90°F) and the highest trail usage, especially on weekends. The cool tunnels (constant 50-60°F) provide welcome relief from summer heat. Early morning or evening rides offer the most comfortable temperatures and fewer crowds. Afternoon thunderstorms are possible but typically brief. Adequate hydration is essential during warm weather. Despite crowds, summer offers beautiful scenery with lush vegetation and full foliage.
Fall (September-October): Many consider fall the best time to ride the trail. Temperatures moderate (50-70°F), crowds diminish after Labor Day, and the Driftless Region showcases spectacular autumn colors. The tunnels close October 31, so plan accordingly. Early October offers the peak of fall foliage with comfortable riding conditions. Late October can be chilly, particularly for extended tunnel passages.
Winter (November-April): The trail remains open for cross-country skiing and snowmobiling, but the tunnels are closed. Snowmobilers follow marked detour routes around closed tunnels. Winter use is primarily local rather than destination recreation. Grooming for snowmobiles makes the trail surface suitable for fat tire biking in some conditions, though this is less common.
Permits, Fees, and Regulations
State Trail Pass Requirements:
- Required For: All persons age 16 or older who bike, cross-country ski, horseback ride, or inline skate on the trail
- NOT Required For: Walking, hiking, or users under age 16
- Daily Pass: $5 (valid day of purchase, 6am-11pm)
- Annual Pass: $25 (valid for calendar year through December 31)
- Non-Transferable: Passes are issued to individual users and cannot be shared
Where to Purchase:
- Online at Wisconsin DNR website (immediate use, email receipt)
- Historic depots in Sparta, Kendall, and Elroy
- Trailhead self-service pay stations
- Local vendors and bike rental shops
- DNR service centers
Important: There is an additional $5 penalty fee for anyone who fails to purchase their pass before using the trail. Conservation wardens actively enforce trail pass requirements. Your pass must be filled out completely to be valid and should be carried with you on the trail.
Getting There and Parking
From Madison: Approximately 90 miles west. Take US-12/18 west to WI-16 west toward Sparta, or I-90/94 west to WI-82 toward Elroy (60-90 minutes depending on destination).
From Milwaukee: Approximately 170 miles northwest via I-94 west to Madison area, then west toward trail (2.5-3 hours).
From La Crosse: Approximately 25 miles southeast via I-90 to Sparta exit, then follow signs (30 minutes to Sparta).
Parking Options: Free parking is available at all major trailheads including Sparta (depot and DNR campground), Kendall (depot/headquarters), Wilton, Norwalk, and Elroy (Elroy Commons). Parking fills quickly on summer weekends; arrive early for best availability. Additional parking may be found in town parking lots with permission.
Shuttle Services
Many riders prefer one-way trips rather than out-and-back routes. Several shuttle services operate along the trail to transport riders and bikes between trailheads:
Sparta Chamber of Commerce Volunteer Shuttle: One of the most popular and affordable options. Chamber volunteers will drive you to your starting point in your own vehicle, then return your vehicle to the Sparta depot where it will be waiting when you finish. You ride with the volunteer to your destination and keep two sets of car keys. Cost is typically $20-25 per vehicle (donations). Sign up at the Sparta depot; volunteers like “Harlan Perry” (aka Ben Biking) often share trail history during the drive.
Speed’s Bike Shop (Sparta): Offers shuttle service to various trailheads. Rates approximately $80 for one-way service. They also provide bike rentals and sell trail passes.
Other Shuttle Services: Several private services operate seasonally. Contact the Sparta or Elroy chambers of commerce for current options and rates. Advance reservations recommended, especially for weekends and peak season.
Camping Along the Trail
Sparta DNR Campground: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources campground located approximately 1 mile east of Sparta, shortly past the I-90 bridge. Offers non-reservable, first-come-first-served sites with self-registration stations. Basic facilities include vault toilets and water. Camping fees apply (typically $15-20 per night). Popular with trail users for convenient access.
Norwalk DNR Campground: Another Wisconsin DNR campground offering similar facilities and first-come-first-served sites with self-registration.
Tunnel Trail Campground: Private campground located along the trail between Kendall and Wilton, near Tunnel 1. Offers tent camping, RV hookups, cabins, heated pool, mini golf, laundry, bike rentals, and on-site grocery. More amenities than DNR campgrounds but higher cost. Bike rentals available only to campground guests. Open May through October. Reservations recommended.
Additional Options: Private campgrounds, hotels, motels, and bed & breakfasts are available in all five trail towns. Various lodging styles accommodate different budgets and preferences.
Water Sources and Restrooms
Water Availability: Water fountains and hydration sources are limited along the trail. All five trail towns offer water and services, but distances between towns range from 6-12 miles. Carry adequate water supplies—at least 1-2 liters per person for summer riding, more in hot weather. Water is available at campgrounds, town facilities, and some businesses.
Restroom Facilities: Vault toilets are located at Sparta DNR Campground, near Tunnel 3, and at various trailheads. Towns along the route offer public restrooms, though availability varies. Wilton and Norwalk have facilities accessible from the trail. The gap between the Sparta campground and first town restroom is approximately 7 miles—plan accordingly. Many cyclists recommend using facilities whenever available rather than waiting.
Navigation and Trail Conditions
The trail is generally straightforward to follow, though signage could be improved in some areas. The trail follows the old railway grade continuously, making getting lost unlikely. However, several considerations apply:
Trail Markings: Some riders report riding past the trail start in Elroy—watch carefully for signs at the Elroy Commons area. Major intersections with roads and trail towns are marked. Tunnel approach signs provide warnings about upcoming passages.
Current Conditions: Check the Wisconsin DNR website or Wisconsin Trail Report for up-to-date information on trail conditions, closures, washouts, or maintenance work. Occasional flooding, bridge damage, or surface deterioration can create detours or rough sections. Trail conditions are generally good but not as immaculate as some newer paved trails.
Navigation Aids: Printed maps available at trailheads show distances and town locations. GPS devices work in most areas. Offline maps recommended as cell coverage is spotty. Trail maps showing mile markers help track progress.
Leave No Trace and Trail Etiquette
As one of America’s most historic and heavily-used rail-trails, protecting the Elroy-Sparta environment and ensuring positive experiences for all users requires following these guidelines:
- Pack Out All Trash: Carry trash bags for your waste and consider picking up litter you encounter. Limited trash receptacles exist along remote sections.
- Stay on Trail: The old railway corridor is clearly defined. Avoid cutting across vegetation or taking shortcuts.
- Share the Trail: Cyclists yield to pedestrians and horses. Pass others at safe speeds with audible warnings (“on your left”). Be especially cautious near tunnels where users congregate.
- Keep Dogs Leashed: Wisconsin law requires leashes 8 feet or shorter. Clean up after pets and ensure they don’t impede other trail users.
- Respect Private Property: The trail corridor is public, but adjacent land is private. Stay on the trail and don’t trespass.
- Minimize Noise: Maintain reasonable voice levels and avoid loud music. Respect the peaceful rural setting.
- Report Issues: Contact the Wisconsin DNR about trail damage, safety hazards, or maintenance needs.
- Support Trail Maintenance: Purchase trail passes, donate to trail organizations, and volunteer for trail improvement projects when possible.
Trail Towns and Services
Five welcoming communities along the Elroy-Sparta State Trail provide essential services, refreshments, and authentic small-town Wisconsin hospitality. Each town offers its own character and amenities for trail users.
Sparta (“Bicycling Capital of America”)
Distance: Western terminus (Mile 0 from west)
Population: ~9,500
Trail Access: Sparta Depot at 111 Milwaukee Street
Sparta is the largest community on the trail and serves as the primary hub for western access. The town embraces its identity as a bicycling destination and provides comprehensive services for trail users. The historic 1915 depot houses the Chamber of Commerce where trail passes can be purchased and information obtained.
Services: Extensive lodging options (hotels, motels, B&Bs), numerous restaurants and cafes, grocery stores, bike shops including Speed’s Bike Shop (rentals, repairs, parts, trail passes, shuttle service), medical facilities, banks, gas stations, parks, and a public library. The Sparta DNR Campground is located approximately 1 mile east on the trail.
Points of Interest: “Ben Bikin'” high-wheel bicycle statue (0.5 miles north on Water Street), historic downtown district, Monroe County Local History Room & Museum.
Norwalk
Distance: Approximately 12 miles east of Sparta, 3 miles west of Tunnel 3
Population: ~700
Trail Access: State Highway 71 crosses the trail in town
Norwalk is a small village offering basic services for trail users. The community provides a convenient rest stop between Sparta and the eastern towns.
Services: Limited restaurants and cafes (verify current status before relying on specific establishments), small grocery/convenience store, camping at Norwalk DNR Campground, vault toilets near the trail. Services are limited compared to larger communities.
Wilton
Distance: Approximately 19 miles east of Sparta, between Tunnel 2 and Tunnel 1
Population: ~500
Trail Access: State Highway 71 passes through town
Wilton is a charming small village positioned between two tunnels, making it a popular stop for cyclists exploring the trail’s central section.
Services: Restaurant/bakery options including establishments in historic buildings (such as a converted schoolhouse), limited grocery items, vault toilets accessible from trail, lodging options. Services are basic but adequate for trail user needs.
Notable: Known for Friday night fish fry at local establishments—a Wisconsin tradition worth experiencing if your timing aligns.
Kendall (Trail Headquarters)
Distance: Approximately 24 miles east of Sparta, 8.5 miles west of Elroy
Population: ~430
Trail Access: State Highway 71, restored depot serves as trail headquarters
Kendall’s restored railroad depot is the official Elroy-Sparta State Trail headquarters and a must-visit stop. The depot houses a fascinating railroad history museum featuring photographs, artifacts, and exhibits from the railway era.
Services: Trail headquarters with information and trail passes, railroad museum, parking, limited restaurant options, small grocery items, lodging including the Kendall Park House. The central location makes Kendall an excellent starting point for rides featuring all three tunnels without committing to the full trail distance.
Trail Headquarters Hours: May 1 through October 31. Stop here for trail information, historical context, and to purchase passes.
Elroy
Distance: Eastern terminus (Mile 32.5 from Sparta)
Population: ~1,400
Trail Access: Elroy Commons at WIS 80 and WIS 71
Elroy serves as the eastern gateway to the trail and the convergence point for three separate trail systems (Elroy-Sparta, 400 State Trail, and Omaha Trail). The Elroy Commons is a replica railroad depot that anchors the trail junction and provides key services.
Services: Elroy Commons with bike rentals (single, tandem, carts), trail passes, trail information, parking, restaurants and cafes, small grocery options, lodging, free shower facilities with suggested donation (highly appreciated by trail users), restrooms, Elroy Historical Society Museum.
Notable: The trail convergence at Elroy Commons makes this an excellent base for multi-day exploration of connected trail systems. The free shower facilities are particularly welcome after a full day riding the trail.
Bike Rentals and Shops
Elroy Commons (Elroy): Rents single bikes, tandem bikes, and carts by half-day (4-5 hours) or full day. Centrally located at trail junction.
Tunnel Trail Campground (between Kendall and Wilton): Rents mountain bikes, bike trailers, tandems, kids bikes, and recumbent bikes by hour or day. Rentals only available to campground guests. Open May through October.
Speed’s Bike Shop (Sparta): Family-owned rental shop open year-round offering mountain bikes, kids bikes, trailers, tandems, and e-bikes. Also provides shuttle services and sells trail passes. Comprehensive service and repair capabilities.
Tips and Essential Gear
What to Bring
- Headlamp or Flashlight: MANDATORY for tunnels. Minimum 300 lumens recommended. Headlamps preferred as they leave hands free. Bring backup batteries or second light.
- Water: Minimum 1-2 liters per person; 2-3 liters in warm weather. Limited refill opportunities between towns (6-12 mile gaps).
- Trail Pass: $5 daily or $25 annual required for cyclists 16+. Purchase before starting to avoid $5 penalty.
- Water-Resistant Layer: Rain jacket or water-resistant windbreaker, especially for Tunnel 3 where you will get wet from dripping water.
- Snacks/Food: Energy bars, trail mix, or sandwiches. Towns offer food but gaps of 6-12 miles between services.
- Sun Protection: Sunscreen, lip balm with SPF, sunglasses, hat. Much of the trail is exposed with limited tree cover.
- Basic First Aid: Band-aids, pain relievers, any personal medications, antiseptic wipes.
- Bike Repair Kit: Spare tube, tire levers, patch kit, multi-tool, pump or CO2 inflator. The crushed limestone surface can cause flats.
- Identification and Cash: ID, credit card, and $20-40 cash for small-town establishments that may not accept cards.
- Phone: For emergencies and photos. Download offline maps as cell coverage is spotty. Bring portable charger for longer rides.
- Toilet Paper: Facilities are limited between towns. Pack spare tissue for emergencies.
- Towel or rag (to wipe bike and face after wet Tunnel 3)
- Lightweight extra layers (tunnels are 50-60°F even on hot days)
- Camera for tunnel entrances and scenic vistas
- Insect repellent (spring/summer)
- Trail map or GPS device
- Gloves for cooler weather or tunnel passages
- Waterproof bag or case for electronics in tunnels
Bike Selection and Setup
Suitable Bikes: The crushed limestone surface accommodates road bikes, hybrid bikes, mountain bikes, comfort bikes, and fat tire bikes. Road bikes work fine on the well-maintained sections but may struggle with loose gravel or softer areas after rain. Hybrid or mountain bikes with wider tires (32mm+) provide more comfort and stability on the variable surface. E-bikes are permitted and increasingly popular, particularly for older riders or those concerned about the gentle but sustained climbs.
Tire Pressure: Lower tire pressure (40-60 PSI for road bikes, 30-40 PSI for mountain bikes) provides better traction and comfort on crushed limestone compared to high-pressure pavement settings. Experiment to find your optimal balance of rolling resistance and grip.
Fenders: Optional but helpful, especially for spring or after rain. The crushed limestone can kick up dust when dry and mud when wet. Tunnel 3’s “rainfall” can create additional spray.
Lights: Front and rear lights are required for the tunnels. While headlamps/flashlights provide personal illumination, bike-mounted lights help others see you in the darkness.
Physical Preparation
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail is accessible to most fitness levels, but preparation enhances enjoyment and safety:
For the Full Trail (32.5 miles): Build up to 20-30 mile rides on similar terrain. The gradual grades and crushed limestone surface require more effort than paved flat trails. Practice sustained efforts of 2-4 hours. Include some hills in training rides to prepare for the 3% grades approaching tunnels.
For Shorter Rides (10-20 miles): Moderate fitness sufficient. Practice 1-2 hour rides with gradual climbs. Ensure comfortable riding 10+ miles without excessive fatigue.
For Beginners: Start with shorter sections (Kendall to Wilton, ~6 miles one-way) to gauge fitness and comfort on crushed limestone. Build distance gradually. Walking bikes through tunnels provides natural rest breaks.
Pacing: Most riders average 8-12 mph on the crushed limestone surface, slower than typical paved trail speeds. Allow 3-6 hours for the full trail including stops and tunnel passages. Don’t rush—steady pacing prevents fatigue and allows enjoyment of scenery.
Insider Tips
- Direction Matters: Many riders find Elroy to Sparta slightly easier due to modest net elevation loss westbound, though the difference is subtle. Both directions offer comparable experiences.
- Start Early: Summer weekends bring crowds. Early morning (7-9am) starts provide cooler temperatures, better parking, fewer trail users, and improved tunnel experiences without crowding.
- Tunnel 3 Strategy: Keep your headlamp on consistently throughout the passage. Stay to the right to allow passing. The tunnel is straight—heading toward the exit light keeps you oriented. Don’t rush through the darkness.
- Embrace the Wet: Accept that you’ll get wet in Tunnel 3. Fighting it creates frustration. Pack electronics in waterproof bags, wear moisture-wicking layers, and enjoy the unique experience.
- Take Town Breaks: The trail passes through the heart of each community. Short stops for refreshments, restrooms, and conversation with locals enrich the experience.
- Check Conditions: Call ahead or check Wisconsin Trail Report before long drives. Occasional washouts, bridge repairs, or surface issues can affect specific sections.
- Consider Shuttle Services: One-way rides with vehicle shuttle eliminate the psychological challenge of returning the same way and allow a leisurely pace without concerns about getting back.
- Weekday Visits: Tuesday-Thursday offers the best combination of good services, fewer crowds, and peaceful riding. Summer weekends see heavy use.
- Late September-Early October: Peak fall colors, pleasant temperatures, fewer crowds, and tunnels still open make this the ideal time for many riders.
- Respect the History: The trail represents pioneering rail-trail conversion and 150-year-old engineering. Take time to appreciate the significance beyond just the physical ride.
Photography Opportunities
The trail offers numerous scenic photography locations:
- Tunnel Entrances: The massive wooden doors and rock-cut passages create dramatic frames. Silhouettes of riders/walkers against tunnel openings make compelling shots.
- Driftless Landscape: Rolling hills, pastoral farmland, and distinctive unglaciated topography throughout the route.
- Historic Depots: Restored buildings in Sparta, Kendall, and Elroy Commons offer architectural interest.
- Ben Bikin’ Statue: Quirky photo opportunity in Sparta.
- Bridge Crossings: The trail crosses numerous bridges over streams and valleys.
- Seasonal Subjects: Spring wildflowers, summer farmland, and spectacular fall foliage.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
No, walkers do not need a trail pass. Wisconsin state trail passes are required only for cyclists, cross-country skiers, horseback riders, and inline skaters age 16 or older. Walking and hiking are free on all Wisconsin state trails. However, if you decide to rent a bike or use any of the activities requiring a pass, you must purchase one before starting.
You must walk your bike through all three tunnels—it’s mandatory, not optional. The requirement exists for compelling safety reasons: the tunnels are completely dark in the middle sections with no ambient light, water drips create slippery surfaces and deep puddles, the floor has uneven spots and loose stones, other trail users (including children and dogs) are present in the darkness, and vision is severely limited even with lights. Riding is dangerous and prohibited. Walking through all three tunnels adds approximately 20-30 minutes to your trip—factor this into your schedule. The walk provides a fascinating historical experience and natural rest breaks.
You should not attempt the tunnels without proper lighting. The tunnels, especially Tunnel 3, are pitch black in the middle sections. However, if you arrive without a light, you have several options: wait for other trail users with lights and ask to accompany them through (common and usually welcomed), check if nearby trail users have spare lights to borrow, return to the nearest town to purchase a flashlight (Sparta, Kendall, and Elroy have stores), or skip the tunnel sections if possible. Do not attempt to navigate the tunnels in complete darkness—it’s unsafe for you and others. Some riders have followed the pinpoint of light visible from the opposite end of shorter tunnels, but this is not recommended.
Yes, with proper planning and realistic expectations. The Elroy-Sparta Trail is family-friendly and lacks motor vehicle traffic, but several factors require consideration: younger children may struggle with the 6-12 mile gaps between rest stops and towns, the full 32.5 miles is too much for most children (consider shorter sections like Kendall to Wilton at ~6 miles), walking through the tunnels is mandatory and can be scary or tiring for small children, Tunnel 3’s length and complete darkness may frighten some children (gauge your child’s comfort with darkness and claustrophobia), adequate hydration and snacks are essential as services are limited between towns, and plan frequent breaks and set realistic distance goals. Many families successfully enjoy the trail by focusing on shorter sections and embracing a leisurely pace. The Kendall to Wilton section offers a manageable distance with two tunnels for the full experience.
The crushed limestone surface drains relatively well compared to natural dirt trails. Light to moderate rain typically doesn’t create significant mud issues, though sections may become softer or have puddles. Heavy rain or prolonged wet periods can create softer spots that slow riding and require more effort. Some sections may become muddy, particularly where the trail is compacted earth rather than crushed limestone. After heavy rain, allow 12-24 hours for the surface to drain and firm up for optimal conditions. Check the Wisconsin Trail Report or recent user reviews for current conditions. Wider tires (35mm+) handle wet conditions better than narrow road bike tires. The trail rarely becomes impassable due to rain, but expect slower speeds and additional effort in wet conditions.
No, the tunnels are completely empty passages. There is no lighting, no benches, no facilities—just the 150-year-old rock tunnel with water dripping from above and puddles on the floor. This is intentional to preserve the historical character. The tunnels are unchanged from the railroad era except for the removal of tracks. Bring everything you need before entering. Restrooms are located outside the tunnels at various distances (nearest facilities are at the Sparta DNR Campground, near Tunnel 3’s exit, and in trail towns).
The trail is open year-round but the experience differs significantly in winter. From November 1 through April 30, the three tunnels are closed with locked doors to prevent freeze-thaw damage and protect hibernating bats. Snowmobilers use marked detour routes around the closed tunnels via nearby roads. The trail surface is not groomed for cross-country skiing but can be used by skiers, fat tire bikers, and snowshoers sharing with snowmobiles. Winter use is primarily local rather than destination recreation since the tunnels (the trail’s main attractions) are inaccessible. Some trail services, rentals, and facilities are also closed in winter. If you’re specifically interested in experiencing the historic tunnels, visit between May 1 and October 31.
Plan on 3-6 hours for the full 32.5 miles one-way, depending on fitness and stops. Average speeds on the crushed limestone surface are 8-12 mph, slower than paved trails. Factor in: mandatory walking through three tunnels (20-30 minutes total), rest breaks and photo stops, potential stops in trail towns for food/restrooms/water, and your fitness level and cycling experience. Fit, experienced cyclists can complete it in 3-4 hours with minimal stops. Recreational riders typically take 4-5 hours. Families or leisurely-paced riders may take 5-6+ hours. If planning a round-trip, double these times. Many riders use shuttle services to avoid the return journey.
No, there are no mid-trail restaurants or food services between the five towns. The trail passes through rural farmland and forest with no food establishments directly on the trail outside town centers. All food, water, and services are located in Sparta, Norwalk, Wilton, Kendall, and Elroy, with gaps of 6-12 miles between these communities. Pack adequate snacks and water for the sections between towns. The Tunnel Trail Campground between Kendall and Wilton has an on-site grocery for basic supplies, but this is primarily for campground guests. Some trail users report occasional farm stands or honor-system produce tables near the trail, but these are unreliable and seasonal. Bring your own food or plan town stops for meals.
Cell coverage is inconsistent and should not be relied upon. Trail towns (Sparta, Elroy, Kendall, Wilton, Norwalk) generally have service, and some higher elevation sections catch signal. However, expect extended areas of no service, particularly in valleys, near tunnels, and in forested sections. Inside the tunnels, there is no cell service. Download offline maps before your trip, inform someone of your itinerary and expected return time, and carry basic emergency supplies rather than depending on the ability to call for help. Consider bringing a whistle or other signal device for emergencies. Don’t rely on your phone for navigation without offline map downloads.
Essential Resources
Official Organizations and Trail Information
Wisconsin DNR – Elroy-Sparta State Trail
Official managing agency website with trail information, conditions, permits, and regulations.
Visit DNR Website →Wisconsin Trail Pass Purchase
Buy your state trail pass online for immediate use. Required for cyclists 16+ years old.
Purchase Pass →Wisconsin Trail Report
Up-to-date trail conditions, closures, and maintenance information for all Wisconsin trails.
Check Conditions →Rails-to-Trails Conservancy
Information about the trail’s history and its role in the national rails-to-trails movement.
Learn More →Local Chambers and Visitor Information
Sparta Area Chamber of Commerce
Located in the historic Sparta Depot. Trail passes, maps, shuttle services, and local information.
Address: 111 Milwaukee Street, Sparta, WI
Visit Chamber →Elroy Commons
Trail hub at Elroy with bike rentals, trail passes, parking, and connection to other trails.
Learn More →Travel Wisconsin – Bike Trails
Wisconsin tourism information with details about the trail, services, and connecting routes.
Explore Wisconsin →Trail Maps and Planning Tools
TrailLink – Elroy-Sparta
Detailed trail information, maps, reviews, photos, and parking locations.
View Trail Details →AllTrails – Elroy-Sparta
GPS maps, user reviews, photos, and downloadable trail data for navigation apps.
Get Directions →Bike Rentals and Services
Speed’s Bike Shop (Sparta)
Family-owned shop offering bike rentals, repairs, trail passes, and shuttle services.
Open year-round with comprehensive bike selection including e-bikes.
Elroy Commons Bike Rentals
Single bikes, tandems, and carts available by half-day or full day at trail junction.
Tunnel Trail Campground
Bike rentals available to campground guests. Located on trail between Kendall and Wilton.
Open May through October.
How We Verify Trail Information
All information in this guide has been verified through multiple authoritative sources to ensure accuracy and reliability. We prioritize official sources and cross-reference facts to provide the most dependable trail information.
▼ View Source Documentation
Primary Authoritative Sources:
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) – Official trail managing agency
https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/elroysparta - Wisconsin State Trail Pass Information (DNR) – Official fee and permit information
https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/admission/trailpass - National Recreation Trails Database – Official federal trail designation information
https://www.nrtdatabase.org/ - Rails-to-Trails Conservancy – Historical documentation and trail advocacy organization
https://www.railstotrails.org/
Supplementary Verified Sources:
- Wikipedia – Elroy-Sparta State Trail – Historical and technical information cross-verified with official sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elroy-Sparta_State_Trail - Travel Wisconsin – State tourism agency trail information
https://www.travelwisconsin.com/ - TrailLink – Comprehensive trail database with user-verified information
https://www.traillink.com/trail/elroy-sparta-state-trail/ - AllTrails – Trail mapping and user experience data
https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/wisconsin/elroy-sparta-state-trail–2
Verification Methodology:
- All factual claims verified through minimum two authoritative sources
- Official agency data (Wisconsin DNR) prioritized for regulations, fees, and management information
- Historical facts cross-referenced between multiple sources
- Measurements and distances verified through official trail resources
- User experience information gathered from reputable trail databases and tourism sites
- When sources disagree, ranges provided or official agency data prioritized
- Information updated as of October 2025; users should verify time-sensitive details
Note: Trail conditions, services, and regulations can change. Always check the Wisconsin DNR website and Wisconsin Trail Report for the most current information before your visit.
Ready to Experience America’s First Rail-Trail?
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail offers a unique journey through Wisconsin’s Driftless Region, combining natural beauty, fascinating history, and the thrill of walking through 150-year-old tunnels carved by hand through solid rock. Whether you’re a serious cyclist seeking a full-distance challenge or a family looking for a memorable day outdoors, this pioneering trail welcomes you.
- Purchase your Wisconsin State Trail Pass ($5 daily or $25 annual)
- Pack headlamp or flashlight (300+ lumens) – MANDATORY for tunnels
- Bring water-resistant layer for wet Tunnel 3
- Carry 1-2+ liters of water and snacks
- Verify tunnel opening dates (May 1-October 31)
- Check current trail conditions at Wisconsin Trail Report
- Consider shuttle services for one-way rides
- Download offline maps (cell coverage spotty)
- Plan for 3-6 hours to complete full trail
- Remember: walk bikes through ALL tunnels!
The Elroy-Sparta State Trail isn’t just a recreational path—it’s a living piece of American history that launched the rails-to-trails movement and opened the door for thousands of miles of converted rail corridors nationwide. Join the countless thousands who have discovered this Wisconsin treasure and experience the trail that started it all.