Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail

Trail Overview

The Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail is a historic and scenic National Recreation Trail located in Wyoming’s Shoshone National Forest, approximately 38 miles west of Cody on the North Fork Highway. This challenging out-and-back trail commemorates one of the most significant wildfire tragedies in American firefighting history—the Blackwater Fire of August 21, 1937, which claimed the lives of 15 firefighters.

The trail ascends from the North Fork of the Shoshone River at approximately 6,450 feet to a high point of 10,219 feet, gaining nearly 3,800 feet of elevation over 5 to 6 miles one-way. Hikers, mountain bikers, and equestrians follow Blackwater Creek through dense Douglas fir forest, across several creek crossings, and eventually up steep switchbacks to reach the main bronze memorial at the site where the firefighters perished. The route continues beyond to Post Point and offers access to Clayton Mountain, where panoramic views reveal the vast Washakie and North Absaroka Wilderness areas.

Difficulty Level

The Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail is rated as moderate to difficult. The sustained uphill grade averages 10 percent but reaches 20 percent in steep sections, making this an aerobically demanding hike. While the trail is generally not technically challenging for experienced hikers and mountain bikers, the length, elevation gain, and occasionally loose volcanic rock in upper sections require good fitness and preparation.

The trail is considered poorly marked in places, and navigation skills with topographic maps are recommended to avoid accidentally ending up at alternative destinations like Blackwater Arch. Creek crossings near the 3-mile mark can be challenging depending on water levels, particularly early in the season during snowmelt.

Scenic Highlights

Views improve dramatically as the trail climbs, particularly after entering the switchback section around mile 4. At approximately 5 miles, hikers reach an open ridgeline offering expansive vistas of the Absaroka Range and surrounding wilderness. The memorials themselves—masterful examples of 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps stonework—are powerful destinations combining natural beauty with profound historical reflection.

Wildlife and Natural Environment

The trail traverses classic Rocky Mountain forest and alpine environments within grizzly bear habitat. Wildlife commonly observed includes grizzly and black bears, elk, mule deer, bighorn sheep, and numerous bird species. The Douglas fir-dominated forest transitions to more open terrain at higher elevations, showcasing the dramatic landscape that made the 1937 fire so devastating and difficult to control.

Route Guide & Trail Description

Trailhead Access (Mile 0)

The trail begins at the large roadside memorial and parking area along US Highway 14/16/20, 38 miles west of Cody. A 71-foot-long stone monument erected in 1939 contains the names of those killed and injured in the fire. Take time to read about the tragedy before beginning your hike. Parking is available in a paved lot just below the memorial toward the river.

Lower Trail (Miles 0-3)

Cross the North Fork of the Shoshone River on a bridge and pass through the Blackwater Ranch area. Watch for a small footbridge crossing Blackwater Creek on your right shortly after the second bridge. This singletrack option is the preferred route and more scenic than staying on the two-track road.

The trail follows Blackwater Creek upstream through dense forest, maintaining the creek on your left. The grade is steady but manageable in this section, with good shade under the forest canopy. Water is readily available from the creek, though it must be treated before drinking.

Creek Crossing & Fork (Mile 3)

At approximately 3 miles, reach a marked trail junction. Stay left to remain on the Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail. Small bridges installed in 2012 for the fire’s 75th anniversary help with creek crossings here, though the area can still be somewhat jumbled. Cross to the south side of Blackwater Creek. After this crossing, there are no more trail junctions—the route is straightforward to the memorial.

Switchback Section (Miles 3.5-5)

The trail steepens significantly as it begins climbing the west slopes of Clayton Mountain. Extended switchbacks gain elevation rapidly, with grades reaching 20 percent. Mountain bikers will be in their lowest gears; hikers should pace themselves and take breaks as needed. The forest begins to thin, and views start opening up.

Ridge Views & Main Memorial (Mile 5-5.5)

Around mile 5, the trail reaches an open ridgeline with spectacular panoramic views of the Absaroka Range. This is one of the most scenic sections of the entire route. A final steep push brings you to the main bronze memorial at approximately 5.5 miles (elevation ~9,400-9,600 feet). The impressive 5-foot diameter bronze and stone plaque depicts the terrain and fire tragedy in relief—a remarkable achievement given it was packed to this remote location by pack animals in 1938.

This memorial marks the site where Forest Service Ranger Alfred Clayton and several members of his crew perished. Take time to reflect on the tragedy and read the interpretive information.

Upper Trail to Post Point (Mile 5.5-6+)

The trail continues beyond the main memorial to a smaller stone monument at Post Point, where Urban Post and his crew survived the firestorm by taking shelter on a rocky ledge. The trail becomes looser and rockier, with volcanic rock that can be challenging for mountain bikers on the descent.

For those with energy remaining, the route continues toward the site of the former lookout tower on Clayton Mountain (no longer standing), reaching elevations above 10,000 feet. The views from the highest accessible points are extraordinary, revealing over a million acres of designated wilderness.

Return Route

Retrace your steps on the same trail. The descent provides excellent views and is notably faster, though caution is required on steep, loose sections. Mountain bikers will enjoy the downhill but must watch carefully for uphill traffic, particularly horses from local dude ranches. Hikers should also be alert and courteous when encountering faster-moving trail users.

Planning Your Visit

Best Time to Hike

Prime Season: Late June through September

The trail typically holds snow at higher elevations until mid-June or later in heavy snow years. The summer solstice period (late June) is considered an ideal time to first attempt the hike, as snow has usually melted, creek crossings are manageable, and downed trees have typically been cleared by trail crews.

By Month:

• May-Early June: Not recommended. High water at creek crossings, significant snow at upper elevations, downed trees may not be cleared. Trail may be impassable.
• Late June-July: Excellent conditions. Trails clear, water available, moderate temperatures. Some mosquitoes possible. Afternoon thunderstorms can develop at high elevations.
• August-Early September: Prime time. Stable weather, minimal bugs, comfortable temperatures. Best visibility for mountain views.
• Late September-October: Possible but conditions deteriorate. Early snow can return, days are shorter, temperatures drop. Be prepared for winter conditions.

Permits and Fees

Directions to Trailhead

From Cody, Wyoming:

Drive west on US Highway 14/16/20 (North Fork Highway) for approximately 38 miles toward Yellowstone National Park’s East Entrance. The trailhead is clearly marked with the large roadside Blackwater Fire Memorial monument on the north side of the highway. A paved parking area is located just behind the memorial structure, toward the river. The site is 15 miles east of Yellowstone’s East Entrance and immediately west of Mummy Cave.

From Yellowstone East Entrance:

Travel east on US Highway 14/16/20 for approximately 15 miles. The memorial and trailhead will be on your left (north) side of the highway.

GPS Coordinates (approximate): Latitude 44.5°N, Longitude 109.8°W

Camping and Accommodations

Nearby Camping:

• Multiple US Forest Service campgrounds along the North Fork Highway, including Newton Creek, Rex Hale, and Eagle Creek
• Dispersed camping available on national forest lands following regulations
• Private campgrounds and RV parks in the Cody area
• Blackwater Lodge (private) is adjacent to the trailhead

Nearby Towns:

• Cody, WY (38 miles east): Full services including hotels, restaurants, grocery stores, outdoor gear shops, medical facilities, and visitor information
• Yellowstone National Park (15 miles west): Lodging, camping, and services available at various park locations

Weather and Conditions

The trail experiences typical Rocky Mountain weather patterns with significant variability by elevation and season. Mornings are generally calm, with afternoon thunderstorms developing over higher terrain during summer months. Temperatures at the trailhead can range from 60-80°F in summer, but drop significantly at higher elevations and with evening or weather changes.

Typical Summer Conditions:

• Daytime highs: 65-80°F at trailhead, 50-65°F at memorial
• Morning lows: 40-50°F
• Afternoon thunderstorms possible, especially in July and August
• Snow can occur at high elevations any month of the year
• High elevation exposure to sun and wind

Water Availability

Blackwater Creek provides reliable water throughout the hiking season, though all water must be filtered, treated, or boiled before drinking. Water is abundant along the lower 3-4 miles of trail. Upper sections have less reliable water access. Carry adequate water capacity (2-3 liters minimum) and plan to refill and treat water from the creek.

Trail Conditions and Maintenance

As a designated National Recreation Trail, the Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail receives more maintenance attention than many backcountry trails in the area. However, conditions vary by season and recent weather. Early season may have downed trees awaiting removal. The trail can be muddy near creek crossings. Upper sections have loose volcanic rock that can be challenging.

The trail is noted as poorly marked in some sections. Carry and know how to use topographic maps. The wrong turn can lead to Blackwater Arch or other destinations. Pay attention at trail junctions and follow cairns and blazes where present.

Conservation and Etiquette

Leave No Trace Principles:

1. Plan ahead and prepare for conditions
2. Stay on designated trail to prevent erosion—do not cut switchbacks
3. Pack out all trash, leftover food, and litter
4. Leave rocks, plants, and other natural objects as found
5. Minimize campfire impacts (consider stove-only camping)
6. Respect wildlife—observe from distance, never feed animals
7. Be considerate of other visitors and historical significance of site

Multi-Use Trail Courtesy:

• Horses have right-of-way. Step to downhill side of trail and remain quiet until horse party passes
• Mountain bikers yield to hikers and horses. Control speed, especially on descents
• Hikers yield to horses. Be aware of faster-moving bikers from behind
• Keep dogs on leash and under control at all times
• Make noise when approaching blind corners

Respecting the Memorial: The Blackwater Fire Memorial is a solemn place commemorating lives lost. Please treat the site with appropriate respect. Do not climb on memorial structures. Take only photographs. Share the space quietly with other visitors who are there to reflect on the tragedy and honor those who died.

Safety & Hazards

Grizzly Bear Country

Remote Location

The Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail is extremely remote, especially at higher elevations. There is no cell phone service anywhere on the trail. If an emergency occurs, you could wait days before someone comes along to help, particularly in the upper sections that see less traffic.

Remote Area Precautions:

• Tell someone your hiking plan, expected return time, and vehicle description
• Carry first aid supplies and know how to use them
• Consider carrying a satellite communicator or personal locator beacon
• Be prepared to self-rescue or shelter in place if injured
• Do not hike alone if possible
• Turn back if conditions deteriorate or if you’re running behind schedule

Weather Hazards

Lightning and Thunderstorms: Afternoon thunderstorms are common in summer months. The upper sections of trail, particularly the ridge and memorial areas, are exposed to lightning risk. Start early and plan to be off exposed ridges by early afternoon. If caught in a storm, move to lower ground away from isolated trees and rock outcrops.

Sudden Weather Changes: Weather can change rapidly at high elevations. Snow is possible any month of the year. Temperatures can drop 30-40°F with storm systems. Always carry extra layers including rain gear and warm insulation.

Early/Late Season Snow: Snow can linger into June at high elevations and return by late September. Icy conditions and avalanche terrain in spring make the trail dangerous outside the main summer season.

Physical Challenges

Altitude: The trail reaches over 10,000 feet. Altitude sickness is possible, especially for visitors from lower elevations. Symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Acclimatize gradually, stay hydrated, and descend if symptoms worsen.

Steep Terrain: The 20 percent maximum grade on extended sections is physically demanding. Hikers with knee, ankle, or cardiovascular issues should carefully assess their fitness level. Descending steep grades can be particularly hard on knees and requires good balance.

Creek Crossings: Early season snowmelt can create challenging ford conditions at the creek crossing around mile 3. Water can be swift and cold. Use trekking poles for balance and consider waterproof footwear or sandals for crossing.

Trail Conditions

Loose Rock: Upper sections, particularly beyond the main memorial, have loose volcanic rock that can cause slips and falls. Mountain bikers find this section especially challenging. Use caution and test footing before committing weight.

Exposure: Ridge sections have drop-offs. Stay on trail and use caution in high winds or when fatigued.

Multi-Use Conflicts: The trail is used by hikers, mountain bikers, and horse parties from dude ranches. Fast-descending mountain bikers can surprise uphill hikers. Stay alert, especially on blind corners.

Other Wildlife

Besides grizzly bears, the area is home to black bears, mountain lions, moose, and elk. All should be observed from a safe distance. Moose can be particularly aggressive if approached too closely. Give all wildlife ample space and never attempt to feed or approach animals.

Emergency Contacts

• Emergency: 911 (limited cell coverage)
• Wapiti Ranger District: (307) 527-6921
• Shoshone National Forest Supervisor’s Office: (307) 527-6241
• Park County Sheriff: (307) 754-8700

Recommended Gear & Equipment

Essential Items

The Ten Essentials (always carry):

1. Navigation: Topographic map, compass, GPS device or smartphone with offline maps
2. Sun protection: Sunglasses, sunscreen (SPF 30+), sun hat
3. Insulation: Extra clothing layers including puffy jacket or fleece, warm hat, gloves
4. Illumination: Headlamp with extra batteries
5. First-aid supplies: Comprehensive first aid kit including blister treatment
6. Fire: Waterproof matches, lighter, or fire starter
7. Repair kit and tools: Knife, duct tape, multi-tool
8. Nutrition: Extra food beyond what you plan to eat
9. Hydration: Water and water treatment method (filter, purification tablets, or UV device)
10. Emergency shelter: Space blanket, bivy sack, or emergency shelter

Clothing Recommendations

• Base layer: Moisture-wicking synthetic or merino wool shirt
• Hiking pants or shorts: Quick-drying material
• Insulating layer: Fleece or lightweight down jacket
• Rain jacket: Waterproof and breathable shell (essential for afternoon storms)
• Rain pants: Recommended, especially early/late season
• Warm hat and gloves: Temperatures drop significantly at elevation
• Sun hat or cap: Protection during exposed ridge sections
• Extra socks: For creek crossing and backup

Footwear

• Hiking boots or trail runners: Sturdy footwear with good traction and ankle support
• Broken in: Do not wear new boots on this challenging hike
• Consider: Lightweight sandals or water shoes for creek crossing at mile 3
• Gaiters: Helpful for keeping debris out of shoes on dusty/rocky sections

Safety Equipment

• Bear spray (REQUIRED): EPA-approved bear deterrent spray, 7.9-9.2 oz canister
• Whistle: For signaling in emergencies
• Satellite communicator: Highly recommended due to no cell service (inReach, SPOT, etc.)
• Trekking poles: Highly recommended for steep ascent/descent and creek crossings

Hydration and Nutrition

• Water capacity: 2-3 liters minimum
• Water treatment: Filter, purification tablets, or UV sterilizer
• Snacks: High-energy foods like trail mix, energy bars, jerky
• Lunch: Plan for substantial food on this demanding hike
• Electrolytes: Replacement tablets or drink mixes

Navigation

• Map: USGS topographic map or Shoshone National Forest visitor map
• Compass: Know how to use it
• Smartphone: With offline maps downloaded (no cell service)
• Watch/GPS: For tracking time and distance

Mountain Biking Specific

For those mountain biking the trail:

• Full-suspension or hardtail mountain bike in good condition
• Helmet (required)
• Repair kit: spare tube, pump, multi-tool, patch kit, tire levers
• Extra brake pads if attempting in wet conditions
• Gloves for long descent
• All safety equipment listed above still applies

Optional but Useful

• Camera for memorial and scenic views
• Binoculars for wildlife viewing
• Journal or notebook
• Insect repellent (mosquitoes can be present)
• Small backpack (20-30L for day hike essentials)

The Blackwater Fire of 1937

The Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail exists to honor the memory of 15 brave firefighters who lost their lives on August 21, 1937, in one of the deadliest wildfire disasters in United States history. Understanding this tragedy provides essential context for anyone hiking this historic route.

The Fire Begins

On August 18, 1937, a lightning strike during an afternoon thunderstorm ignited a fire on the west bank of Blackwater Creek in Shoshone National Forest. The fire remained undetected until early on August 20, when it was spotted at approximately 2 acres in size near the drainage bottom. By that evening, the fire had grown to approximately 200 acres, and 65 firefighters from the US Forest Service, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Wyoming Bureau of Public Roads began constructing fire lines along two flanks.

The Fateful Day: August 21, 1937

By the morning of August 21, over 200 firefighters were working the fire. The blaze was burning in dense, mature Douglas fir forest with heavy fuel loads on the steep west slopes of Clayton Mountain. Fire officials believed the situation was manageable and called for additional crews from the Tensleep District of Bighorn National Forest, located 165 miles to the east.

Weather observers in Idaho detected a dry cold front with strong winds moving toward the Blackwater Creek area and radioed the information to the US Forest Service office in Riverton, Wyoming. The Wapiti Ranger Station received this critical information but lacked portable radios to communicate the danger to firefighters on the ground. The crews had no warning that conditions were about to turn deadly.

At approximately 3:45 PM (1545 hours), the convergence of an undiscovered spot fire and the passage of the dry cold front caused a catastrophic blowup. Winds suddenly increased and shifted direction. The fire exploded into a crown fire, creating spot fires that spread rapidly through the dense forest. Firefighters working along Clayton Creek and Clayton Gulch found themselves trapped.

The Tragedy

Forest Service Ranger Alfred Clayton led one crew that became trapped by the rapidly advancing flames. Clayton and six of his men died within 30 feet of each other, overcome by the firestorm. Another CCC enrollee, Roy Bevens, was found 60 feet away, severely burned but alive. He told rescuers, “God, how lucky I am to be alive!” before dying from his injuries at the hospital in Cody.

Forest Service Ranger Urban Post and his crew found themselves in similar danger but managed to reach a rocky ledge that provided some shelter from the flames. They survived by waiting out the firestorm on what would later be named Post Point.

By 5:00 PM, the worst of the fire was over, but smoke was so thick that survivors who could walk stayed in place for nearly three more hours. Rescue operations continued through the night and into August 22.

Final Toll

The Blackwater Fire killed 15 firefighters and injured 38 others, many severely. The dead included:

• 10 members of the Civilian Conservation Corps, all young Texans between ages 17 and 20, plus their foreman
• 3 US Forest Service personnel
• 1 employee of Wyoming’s Bureau of Public Roads

The fire consumed approximately 1,700 acres of old-growth Douglas fir forest. It remains the deadliest wildfire for professional wildland firefighters between the Great Fire of 1910 and the Yarnell Hill Fire of 2013—a span of 103 years.

Causes and Contributing Factors

Investigation revealed several factors that contributed to the tragedy:

• Lack of communication: No portable radios existed for on-the-ground crews, preventing critical weather warnings from reaching firefighters
• Delayed arrival: The Tensleep CCC crew’s overnight travel meant they arrived fatigued and began work in the hottest part of the fire during the most dangerous time of day
• Inadequate training: Many CCC members had limited wildfire experience, as the Corps primarily focused on construction projects
• Steep, rugged terrain: Blackwater Canyon’s topography made escape difficult and allowed fire to spread rapidly upslope
• Dense fuel loads: Mature forest with dead trees and limbs extending to the ground created “fuel ladders” for fire to reach treetops
• Weather timing: The cold front arrived at the worst possible time, during afternoon when fire behavior is most active

Legacy and Changes in Firefighting

The Blackwater Fire tragedy fundamentally changed wildfire response in the United States:

Smokejumper Program (1939): The USFS developed rapid-response smokejumper teams to reach fires quickly in remote terrain, reducing response time from days to hours.

Ten Standard Firefighting Orders (1957): Twenty years later, lessons from Blackwater and other tragedies led to the creation of standardized safety principles still used today by all wildland firefighters.

Improved Communication: The tragedy highlighted the critical importance of real-time communication and weather information for ground crews.

Training Standards: Firefighter training and qualifications were improved and standardized across agencies.

The Memorials

In 1938, surviving firefighters and CCC members constructed three memorials to honor those who died:

Roadside Memorial (1939): A 71-foot-long stone monument along Highway 14/16/20 lists the names of those killed and injured. This is the most accessible memorial and receives thousands of visitors annually.

Main Fatality Site Memorial: Located approximately 5.5 miles up the trail, this remarkable structure features a 5-foot diameter bronze diorama depicting the terrain and fire tragedy. The bronze and stone plaque was packed to this remote location by pack animals—a tremendous feat. This memorial marks where Alfred Clayton and his crew perished.

Post Point Memorial: A smaller stone memorial marks the rocky ledge where Urban Post and his crews survived the firestorm.

All three memorials are fine examples of Civilian Conservation Corps craftsmanship and remain powerful tributes nearly 90 years later.

Named Features

Several geographic features were named to honor the fallen firefighters:

• Clayton Mountain
• Clayton Creek
• Clayton Gulch
• Post Point
• James T. Saban Lookout (fire lookout tower renamed in 2015)

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Essential Resources & Contacts

Managing Agency & Information

Historical Information

Trail Information & Reviews

Visitor Information

Emergency Contacts

Bear Safety Resources

Maps

How We Verify Trail Information

All information in this guide has been verified using multiple authoritative sources including official US Forest Service documentation, historical records, and current trail reports. We prioritize accuracy and update content as conditions change.

Visit the Blackwater Fire Memorial

The Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail offers a powerful combination of natural beauty, physical challenge, and profound historical significance. As you hike through the landscape where 15 firefighters lost their lives in 1937, take time to reflect on their sacrifice and the improvements in firefighter safety that resulted from this tragedy.

For those prepared for its challenges, the Blackwater Fire Memorial Trail provides an unforgettable experience connecting past and present, honoring those who gave their lives in service, and showcasing the wild beauty of Wyoming’s Absaroka Range.