St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail

About the St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail represents a remarkable achievement in conservation and recreation. Located at the southwestern tip of Lake Superior between Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, this designated National Water Trail spans 16.5 miles of shoreline and encompasses over 12,000 acres, making it the largest freshwater estuary in the United States. The trail offers 11 distinct loop routes totaling approximately 73 miles of diverse paddling experiences, accessible to everyone from first-time paddlers to expert boaters.

Officially designated by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior in October 2020, this national trail designation recognizes the estuary’s significance as a premier paddling destination while supporting ongoing restoration and conservation efforts. The St. Louis River Alliance leads a collaborative working group of Minnesota and Wisconsin representatives to implement the master plan and ensure the trail’s continued success.

Why This Trail Is Special

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail offers a unique paddling experience that combines wilderness-like natural areas with urban accessibility. Paddlers can feel as though they are in a remote, pristine environment while remaining within minutes of city amenities including accommodations, outfitters, restaurants, equipment rental, and medical services. This distinctive blend of wild space in an urban landscape enables more people to build connections with the natural world without extensive travel or expedition planning.

The trail traverses an ecologically significant landscape featuring estuarine wetlands, aquatic habitats, baymouth bars, and diverse ecosystems unusual in Lake Superior and the Great Lakes region. The estuary serves as the primary nursery for fish in western Lake Superior and provides critical habitat for breeding and migratory birds. It functions as a vital stopover location because many bird species will not fly over large bodies of water and are thus funneled to this far western end of Lake Superior.

Difficulty Level

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail accommodates all skill levels through its diverse route offerings. The 11 loop trails are categorized into three difficulty levels: novice, intermediate, and expert. Novice routes feature protected waters, minimal current, and short distances ideal for beginners and families. Intermediate routes include open water conditions with longer distances and potential exposure to wind and waves. Expert routes demand advanced skills, offering open and unprotected water, exposure to significant winds and boat traffic, and challenging conditions requiring solid rescue knowledge and experience.

The slow-moving current and wide expanse of the estuary allow for both small-water and big-water experiences. Sheltered backwaters and bays provide calm conditions for learning, while more exposed areas challenge experienced paddlers. The urban setting means assistance is never far away, though paddlers should always be prepared for self-rescue and changing weather conditions.

Weather & Seasonal Considerations

The St. Louis River Estuary experiences distinct seasonal patterns typical of the western Lake Superior region. The paddling season typically runs from late April or early May through October, depending on ice conditions and weather patterns.

Spring (Late April-May): Ice-out usually occurs in late April to early May. Early season paddling offers excellent opportunities for viewing migratory birds, particularly mid-April through late May when large numbers of shorebirds, waterfowl, and songbirds utilize the estuary as a stopover location. Water temperatures are cold, necessitating proper exposure protection. Average air temperatures range from 45-65°F, with significant day-to-day variability.

Summer (June-August): Peak paddling season features the warmest and most stable conditions. Average air temperatures range from 65-75°F, with water temperatures warming throughout the summer. This season sees the highest recreational use. From Memorial Day through Labor Day, Minnesota Department of Health and Wisconsin DNR monitor recreational sites for E. coli bacteria. Wind and waves tend to build throughout the day, making morning paddles often more pleasant. Afternoon thunderstorms can develop, particularly in July and August.

Fall (September-October): Cooler conditions return with average air temperatures declining from 60°F in September to 45°F in October. Fall brings spectacular foliage viewing and reduced crowds. Migratory birds again concentrate in the estuary during autumn migration. Weather becomes more variable and unpredictable. Water temperatures drop quickly, increasing hypothermia risk. The season typically ends when ice begins forming in late October or November.

Wind & Weather Hazards: The St. Louis River Estuary is “big water” where wind conditions can change at any minute. Paddlers should always check current forecasts before launching, treat the forecast as the best-case scenario, and be prepared for worse conditions. The Paddle Safe Twin Ports website provides current weather updates, water levels, and safety considerations specifically for this area.

The 11 Loop Routes

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail features 11 distinct loop routes carefully designed to showcase the diverse ecosystems and paddling experiences available throughout the estuary. Routes range from short 2-3 mile paddles suitable for beginners to longer 8+ mile journeys for experienced paddlers. All routes are designed as loops, allowing paddlers to start and finish at the same location.

Novice Routes

Novice routes feature protected waters with minimal current, limited exposure to wind and waves, and shorter distances ideal for learning basic paddling skills or enjoying a relaxed outing.

Intermediate Routes

Intermediate routes include more open water conditions, longer distances, and potential exposure to wind, waves, and boat traffic. These routes require solid basic paddling skills and good judgment about weather conditions.

Expert Routes

Expert routes demand advanced skills, experience, and judgment. These routes feature open and unprotected water with significant exposure to winds, waves, current, and boat traffic. Paddlers should not venture farther from shore than they can comfortably swim and must be proficient in self-rescue and assisted rescue techniques.

Route Planning Considerations

When selecting a route, consider your skill level honestly, current weather and water conditions, group size and abilities, available time, and desired paddling experience. Upstream paddling takes 2-3 times longer than downstream paddling, so plan accordingly. The main river channel typically has faster current than backwater areas, particularly after rain events. Be aware of ongoing restoration construction sites, which may temporarily affect certain routes. Check the St. Louis River Alliance website for current paddlers’ awareness information about active project sites before launching.

Planning Your Adventure

When to Visit

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail is accessible during the ice-free season, typically late April or early May through October. The exact season depends on annual ice conditions and weather patterns.

Best Times for Different Experiences:

• Bird Watching: Mid-April through late May for spring migration; September through October for fall migration. Over 230 bird species utilize the estuary, with peak diversity during migratory periods.
• Calm Conditions: Early morning hours typically offer the calmest water, as wind and waves tend to build throughout the day.
• Warmest Water: July and August provide the warmest water temperatures, though proper exposure protection is still recommended.
• Fall Colors: Late September through mid-October features spectacular autumn foliage.
• Fewest Crowds: Weekdays and early/late season (May, September-October) see lighter recreational use.

Permits & Regulations

Access Points & Directions

Multiple public access points provide convenient entry to the St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail. The Paddle Safe Twin Ports website features detailed descriptions for 10 launch sites in Western Lake Superior and the St. Louis River Estuary, including paddler experience level ratings for each site.

Primary Access Points:

• Munger Landing: Public boat access with developed facilities. Popular launch point for several routes.
• Spirit Lake Marina: Private marina offering carry-in access and boat rentals. Contact (218) 628-3578 for information.
• Clyde Avenue Boat Launch: Public access (note: temporarily closed during Munger Landing remediation project; check current status).
• Boy Scout Landing: Public access point used for multi-route access.
• Wisconsin Point Accesses: Several public access points on Wisconsin side.
• Barker’s Island: Public access in Superior, Wisconsin with full facilities.

Getting to the Twin Ports: The St. Louis River Estuary is located in Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin at the western end of Lake Superior. Access is convenient via Interstate 35 from the south, US Highway 53 from the west, and US Highway 2 from the east. Duluth International Airport (DLH) provides commercial air service. The urban location means paddlers can easily access accommodations, restaurants, gear shops, and other services within the Twin Ports metropolitan area.

Accommodations & Services

The urban setting of the St. Louis River Estuary provides exceptional access to services and accommodations. Within the Twin Ports area, paddlers can find:

• Lodging: Hotels, motels, bed & breakfasts, vacation rentals, and campgrounds
• Outfitters & Rentals: Multiple businesses offer kayak and canoe rentals, guided tours, and instruction
• Gear Shops: Outdoor retailers for purchasing or replacing equipment
• Restaurants: Full range of dining options from casual to fine dining
• Groceries: Supermarkets and convenience stores for provisioning
• Medical Services: Hospitals and urgent care facilities
• Visitor Information: Tourism offices and visitor centers

This accessibility makes the St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail ideal for weekend getaways, day trips, and introductions to paddling without requiring extensive expedition planning or remote camping.

Leave No Trace & Conservation

The St. Louis River Estuary is undergoing extensive restoration after decades as one of the most polluted waterways in the United States. Paddlers play a crucial role in protecting this recovering ecosystem by practicing Leave No Trace principles:

1. Dispose of Waste Properly: Pack out all trash, including food waste. Do not dispose of anything in the water.
2. Leave What You Find: Do not collect plants, animals, rocks, or cultural artifacts. Observe without disturbing.
3. Protect Aquatic Vegetation: Wild rice and other aquatic plants are ecologically important. Avoid damaging vegetation, especially in shallow areas.
4. Respect Wildlife: Observe from a distance. Do not approach, feed, or disturb animals. Give nesting birds, particularly colonial nesting species like terns and herons, wide berth during breeding season.
5. Be Considerate of Others: Share access points courteously, keep noise levels reasonable, and respect others’ experiences on the water.
6. Stay Off Private Property: Respect property boundaries. Only land on public access points unless facing an emergency or requiring assistance.
7. Prevent Aquatic Invasive Species: Clean, drain, and dry your watercraft and equipment between water bodies to prevent spread of invasive species.

Gear & Equipment

Essential Paddling Gear

Watercraft: Kayaks, canoes, stand-up paddleboards (SUP), and other human-powered craft are all suitable for the St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail. Motorized boats are also permitted. Choose your watercraft based on your skill level, route selection, and conditions. Sea kayaks and touring kayaks work well for open water routes; recreational kayaks are suitable for protected areas; canoes offer versatility and capacity; SUPs work well in calm conditions but require strong balance and skill in wind.

Life Jackets (PFDs):

• US Coast Guard-approved personal flotation device required for each person
• Must be properly sized and in good condition
• Children ages 1-4: Leading cause of death is drowning; proper PFD use is critical
• Wear your PFD at all times when on the water, not just stored in your boat
• Accidents happen suddenly; you may not have time to don a PFD in an emergency

Paddles:

• Properly sized paddle for your height and paddling style
• Spare paddle recommended, especially for longer routes or expert conditions
• Paddle tethers or leashes to prevent loss

Safety Equipment:

• Safety whistle (required; audible signal device)
• Light source for low visibility (flashlight, headlamp, or navigation lights)
• Bilge pump or bailer
• Paddle float for self-rescue (kayakers)
• Throw line (rope for assisted rescue)
• First aid kit
• Hypothermia rescue kit (for cold water paddling)
• Flares or signal mirror
• Compass and map

Communication:

• Marine radio (VHF) or cell phone in waterproof case
• Ensure communication devices are charged before departure
• Program emergency contacts: 911, Coast Guard (if applicable)
• Leave a float plan with someone reliable (who, where, when, what to do)

Navigation:

• St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail map (free from St. Louis River Alliance)
• Compass
• GPS device or smartphone with offline maps (battery drains quickly; carry backup power)
• Knowledge of route landmarks and navigation aids

Clothing & Exposure Protection

Layering System:

• Base Layer: Synthetic or wool materials that wick moisture; avoid cotton
• Insulation Layer: Fleece or synthetic insulation for warmth
• Outer Layer: Waterproof/breathable paddling jacket or spray jacket
• Wetsuit or Drysuit: Required when water/air temps total less than 120°F
• Neoprene Boots or Water Shoes: Protect feet during launch and landing
• Gloves: Neoprene paddling gloves for cold conditions
• Hat: Wide-brimmed sun hat for warm weather; warm hat for cold conditions
• Sunglasses: Polarized lenses reduce glare and improve vision on water

High Visibility: Wear bright, highly visible clothing to increase visibility to other boaters and assist rescue if needed.

Other Important Items

• Sun Protection: Sunscreen (water-resistant SPF 30+), lip balm with SPF, reapply frequently
• Hydration: Plenty of water (minimum 2 liters per person); more in hot weather
• Food: High-energy snacks and meals appropriate for trip duration
• Dry Bags: Waterproof storage for gear, clothing, electronics, and valuables
• Change of Clothes: Complete dry change kept in waterproof bag
• Towel: For drying off after paddling
• Binoculars: For bird watching and wildlife observation
• Camera: In waterproof case or dry bag
• Vessel Identification: Sticker with name and contact information on your craft

Pre-Trip Checklist

1. Check weather forecast and water conditions at Paddle Safe Twin Ports website
2. Inspect watercraft for damage; ensure it’s in good condition
3. Verify all safety equipment is present and functional
4. Check that PFDs fit properly and are in good condition
5. Ensure communication devices are charged
6. Complete and share float plan with reliable person
7. Review route and navigation plan
8. Check for active construction sites that may affect your route
9. Pack appropriate clothing for water and air temperatures
10. Bring sufficient food and water

Safety & Hazards

Primary Hazards

Wind & Waves

The St. Louis River Estuary is “big water” where conditions can change at any minute. Open water sections can develop significant waves when wind picks up. Wind and waves typically build throughout the day, making morning paddles often calmer. Paddlers on intermediate and expert routes may face crossings with significant exposure to wind, waves, and current. If conditions worsen while on the water, get off immediately and seek shelter. Never paddle in conditions beyond your skill level.

Safety Guideline: Do not go farther from shore than you can comfortably swim. Open and unprotected water requires greater skill and rescue knowledge.

Cold Water & Hypothermia

Currents & Underwater Hazards

Areas of the St. Louis River Estuary can be calm on the surface but have strong underwater currents and abrupt drop-offs below. The main river channel typically has deeper water and faster current than backwater areas, particularly after large rain events. Use only designated public access points or common swimming sites. Avoid areas with strainers (fallen trees, undercut rocks) that can trap paddlers. Be aware of low-head dams and other emerged obstacles that can create dangerous recirculating flows.

Weather Hazards

Lightning: Thunderstorms can develop, particularly in summer months. Lightning is especially dangerous on open water. If you hear thunder or see lightning, seek shelter immediately. Get off the water and move to a safe location. Avoid isolated trees and high ground. Wait at least 30 minutes after the last thunder before resuming activity.

Fog: Low visibility conditions can occur, particularly in morning hours. Use your light source in fog. Understand your navigation plan and have compass/GPS available. Sound signals (whistle) become more important in fog.

Heat: Summer temperatures can create heat-related illness risk. Pack extra water and sun protection for hot days. Know signs of dehydration (dark urine, dizziness, fatigue), heat exhaustion (heavy sweating, weakness, nausea, headache), and heat stroke (hot dry skin, confusion, rapid pulse, potential unconsciousness). Heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.

Boat Traffic

The St. Louis River Estuary includes an active working port with commercial shipping traffic, recreational boats, and other watercraft. Expert routes in particular may expose paddlers to significant boat traffic. Commercial vessels have limited ability to maneuver and may not see small craft. Stay well clear of large vessels. Be visible by wearing bright clothing and using lights in low visibility. Understand and follow navigation rules.

Water Quality

From Memorial Day through Labor Day, the Minnesota Department of Health and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources monitor several recreational sites in the St. Louis River Estuary for E. coli bacteria. High E. coli concentrations can lead to swimming advisories or beach closures. Before visiting, check current status at:

• Minnesota: mnbeaches.org
• Wisconsin: Wisconsin beach closings and advisories map

Even without elevated bacteria advisories, conditions can change quickly. Avoid swallowing water, rinse and towel dry after water contact, and exercise special care with children and pets who tend to ingest more water. Be aware of potential stormwater pollution including chemicals, oil, and debris discharged at creek mouths and storm sewer outfalls, especially after rain events.

Construction & Restoration Sites

Active remediation and habitat restoration projects continue throughout the St. Louis River Estuary through 2026 as part of Area of Concern delisting efforts. Construction sites may temporarily affect paddling routes and create hazards. Before launching, check the St. Louis River Alliance website for current paddlers’ awareness information about anticipated field work locations. Avoid active construction areas and follow posted warnings.

Emergency Procedures

Self-Rescue: Every paddler should know and practice self-rescue techniques appropriate for their craft. For kayakers, this includes paddle float rescue and wet entry. For canoeists, capsized canoe recovery. Practice these skills in controlled conditions before needing them in an emergency.

Group Rescue: If paddling with others, understand assisted rescue techniques. A paddler in cold water loses fine motor control quickly; rescues must be performed efficiently.

Calling for Help:

• Emergency: 911
• US Coast Guard: VHF Channel 16 (if applicable)
• Provide location, nature of emergency, number of people, and any injuries
• GPS coordinates are extremely helpful

Float Plan

Safety Resources

• Paddle Safe Twin Ports: paddlesafetwinports.org – Current weather, water levels, conditions, and 10 launch site descriptions with paddler experience ratings
• St. Louis River Alliance: stlouisriver.org/nwt-safety – Safety guidelines and trail information
• Minnesota DNR: Safety information and regulations
• Wisconsin DNR: Safety information and regulations
• National Weather Service – Duluth: weather.gov/dlh – Detailed forecasts
• US Coast Guard – Boating Safety: uscgboating.org – Safety courses and resources

Access Points & Launch Sites

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail features multiple well-placed public access points providing convenient entry to the diverse loop routes. Access sites range from developed boat launches with parking and facilities to carry-in access points. The Paddle Safe Twin Ports website provides detailed descriptions for 10 launch sites in Western Lake Superior and the St. Louis River Estuary, including paddler experience level ratings for each site.

Major Public Access Points

Additional Access Information

The Paddle Safe Twin Ports website (paddlesafetwinports.org) provides comprehensive information for each launch site including:

• Detailed site descriptions
• Paddler experience level ratings (novice, intermediate, expert)
• Facilities available
• Parking information
• Routes accessible from each site
• Current conditions and any restrictions

Additional public access points exist throughout the estuary on both the Minnesota and Wisconsin shores. Consult the free St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail map for complete access point locations and details.

Directions to Main Access Areas

From Interstate 35 (South): Follow I-35 north to Duluth. Take exit toward Lake Avenue/Harbor Drive. Follow signs to specific launch sites. GPS navigation recommended for individual locations.

From US Highway 53 (West): Follow US-53 east to Superior/Duluth area. Cross into Wisconsin or Minnesota depending on destination. Local streets provide access to specific launch sites.

From US Highway 2 (East): Follow US-2 west through Wisconsin to Superior. Local streets provide access to Wisconsin side launch sites.

Duluth International Airport (DLH): Located approximately 10-15 minutes from major access points. Rental cars, taxis, and rideshare services available.

Parking & Facilities

Most public access points provide parking, though capacity varies by site. During peak season (summer weekends), arrive early to secure parking. Facilities at developed sites typically include:

• Paved or gravel parking areas
• Boat ramps or carry-in access
• Restrooms (seasonal at many locations)
• Picnic areas
• Trash receptacles (pack out your trash)

Less developed carry-in access points may offer minimal facilities. Plan accordingly.

Wildlife & Natural Features

The St. Louis River Estuary supports exceptional biodiversity, functioning as a critical habitat for numerous species in an urban setting. As the primary nursery for fish in western Lake Superior and a vital migratory stopover, the estuary provides rare opportunities to observe diverse wildlife while paddling.

Birds – 230+ Species

The St. Louis River Estuary is a birding hotspot with over 230 documented bird species. The western tip of Lake Superior naturally concentrates migrating birds because many species will not fly over large bodies of water and are thus funneled along Wisconsin Point and Minnesota Point.

Best Birding Seasons:

• Spring Migration: Mid-April through late May features peak diversity and abundance
• Breeding Season: June through July; observe nesting birds (maintain respectful distance)
• Fall Migration: September through October; return of migrants heading to wintering grounds

Notable Species & Groups:

• Colonial Nesting Birds: Ring-billed gulls, common terns, great blue herons, double-crested cormorants. These species nest in large groups and are sensitive during breeding season; observe from distance.
• Shorebirds: Utilize sandy banks and mudflats during migration. Species include sandpipers, plovers, and other waders.
• Waterfowl: Significant concentrations of ducks, geese, and swans in open water and wetland habitats. American white pelicans have become increasingly common in recent years.
• Waterbirds: Grebes, herons, and terns during migratory and breeding seasons.
• Raptors: Various hawk, eagle, and owl species. Hawk Ridge in nearby Duluth is famous for fall hawk migration.
• Songbirds: Incredible abundance and diversity during migration. Forested shorelines host numerous warbler, sparrow, and other songbird species.
• Piping Plovers: Federally listed species; restoration efforts have created favorable nesting habitat on Minnesota and Wisconsin Point beaches.

Fish – 45+ Native Species

The St. Louis River Estuary serves as the primary nursery for fish found in western Lake Superior. Over 45 native fish species inhabit the estuary, making it crucial for both the local ecosystem and Lake Superior fisheries.

Sport Fish Species:

• Walleye: Prized gamefish; abundant in estuary
• Northern Pike: Large predator; excellent fishing
• Muskellunge (Muskie): Trophy fish; catch-and-release fishing popular
• Smallmouth Bass: Quality sport fishing
• Largemouth Bass: Found in quieter backwaters
• Lake Sturgeon: Ancient species; can exceed six feet length and live over 100 years. Restoration efforts improving spawning habitat. Protected species; regulations apply.

Other Species: Black crappie, bluegill, pumpkinseed, rock bass, yellow perch, channel catfish, various bullhead species, and numerous forage fish species supporting the food web.

Fishing Regulations: Valid Minnesota or Wisconsin fishing license required depending on location. Special regulations may apply to certain species or areas. Check current regulations with appropriate DNR before fishing.

Other Wildlife

While birds and fish dominate observations from watercraft, the St. Louis River Estuary and surrounding lands support diverse wildlife:

• Mammals: White-tailed deer, red fox, mink, river otter, beaver, muskrat. Black bears and wolves inhabit surrounding forests, though rarely observed from water.
• Reptiles & Amphibians: Various turtle species, snakes, frogs, and salamanders.
• Freshwater Mussels: Several native species found in estuary. Important filter feeders and indicators of water quality.
• Aquatic Invertebrates: Diverse community supporting fish and bird populations.

Unique Ecosystems

The St. Louis River Estuary encompasses diverse habitat types creating its ecological significance:

• Freshwater Estuary: At 12,000 acres, the nation’s largest freshwater estuary where river meets Lake Superior. Slow current and wide expanse create unique conditions.
• Wetlands: Extensive estuarine wetlands provide crucial habitat for fish spawning, bird nesting, and biodiversity.
• Wild Rice Beds: Culturally and ecologically significant aquatic vegetation. Wild rice restoration is ongoing; avoid damaging beds.
• Baymouth Bar Complex: Minnesota Point and Wisconsin Point together form what is considered the longest freshwater sand bar in the world, stretching nearly 10 miles across the estuary mouth.
• Backwaters and Bays: Quiet, protected areas with shallow water supporting diverse plant and animal communities.
• Islands: Clough Island (largest) and others provide important habitat and paddling destinations.
• Forested Shorelines: Mixed forests along many shoreline areas support terrestrial and semi-aquatic species.

Restoration Success

The transformation of the St. Louis River from one of the most polluted waterways in the United States to a thriving ecosystem supporting abundant wildlife represents one of the Great Lakes’ most successful restoration stories. Decades of remediation, habitat restoration, and pollution control have enabled the return of species and ecological functions. The designation as a National Water Trail celebrates this recovery while supporting ongoing efforts to delist the Area of Concern by 2025-2026.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Essential Resources & Information

Official Organizations & Management

Safety & Conditions

Maps & Planning

Outfitters & Services

Additional Resources

Cultural & Historical Information

Experience America’s Largest Freshwater Estuary

The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail offers an exceptional paddling adventure combining wilderness-like natural areas with urban accessibility. From quiet backwater exploration to challenging open water routes, the 11 loop trails provide opportunities for paddlers of all skill levels to connect with this remarkable recovering ecosystem.

The St. Louis River Estuary represents one of the Great Lakes’ most successful restoration stories. Your visit supports ongoing conservation efforts while experiencing the diverse beauty of this unique urban wilderness. Paddle responsibly, stay safe, and help protect this remarkable resource for future generations.

How We Verify Trail Information

All information in this guide has been verified against multiple authoritative sources to ensure accuracy. We rely on official managing agencies, peer-reviewed research, government publications, and reputable outdoor recreation organizations. Trail conditions, regulations, and access information can change; always verify current details with official sources before your visit.